Anaesthesia 2001 Sep;56(9):906-24
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK gary.mathews@ btinternet.com
[Medline record in process]
PMID: 11531690, UI: 21422888
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Anaesthesia 2001 Sep;56(9):841-6
Senior House Officer, and Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Critical Care Complex, Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, Brunswick Rd, Norwich NR1 3SR, UK.
Medical patients suffer a high mortality after critical illness; however, the causes of mortality after intensive care management are unclear. This study's aims were to (a) explore what factors affect outcome after intensive care and (b) identify medical patients at particularly high risk of mortality. During one year, all patients admitted with a medical cause to the Critical Care Complex were enrolled. Diagnosis on admission was recorded, and whether the reason for admission was a new clinical problem or an exacerbation of existing chronic illness. All patients were followed for a minimum of one year. A total of 186 medical patients were included in the study. Fifty-four medical patients died on intensive care (28.4% mortality), a further 16 died on the general ward after intensive care unit discharge (hospital mortality 36.8%) and six following discharge home (1 year's mortality 40.9%). Of the 16 patients who died on the general ward, 12 had been admitted to the intensive care unit with a new, previously unrecognised problem rather than exacerbation of a chronic pre-existing problem. However, on the general ward, 'Do Not Resuscitate' orders were placed on seven of these 12 patients. It would appear that some of the high post intensive care hospital mortality might be due to changes in resuscitation status in patients expected to survive following intensive care unit discharge.
PMID: 11531668, UI: 21422866
Anaesthesist 2001 Jul;50(7):506-10
Philosophisches Seminar der Universitat Munster, Domplatz 23, 48143 Munster. beverfo@uni-muenster.de
PMID: 11496688, UI: 21388748
Chest 2001 Aug;120(2):555-61
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To prospectively identify the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a community hospital, and to determine the risk factors for VAP and the influence of VAP on patient outcomes in a nonteaching institution. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A medical ICU and a surgical ICU in a 500-bed private community nonteaching hospital: Missouri Baptist Hospital. PATIENTS: Between March 1998 and December 1999, all patients receiving mechanical ventilation who were admitted to the ICU setting were prospectively evaluated. INTERVENTION: Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. RESULTS: During a 22-month period, 3,171 patients were admitted to the medical and surgical ICUs. Eight hundred eighty patients (27.8%) received mechanical ventilation. VAP developed in 132 patients (15.0%) receiving mechanical ventilation. Three hundred one patients (34.2%) who received mechanical ventilation died during hospitalization. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that tracheostomy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.91 to 11.50; p < 0.001), multiple central venous line insertions (AOR, 4.20; 95% CI, 2.72 to 6.48; p < 0.001), reintubation (AOR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.78 to 4.66; p < 0.001), and the use of antacids (AOR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.19 to 6.64; p = 0.019) were independently associated with the development of VAP. The hospital mortality of patients with VAP was significantly greater than the mortality of patients without VAP (45.5% vs 32.2%, respectively; p = 0.004). The occurrence of bacteremia, compromised immune system, higher APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II scores, and older age were identified as independent predictors of hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that VAP is a common nosocomial infection in the community hospital setting. The risk factors for the development of VAP and risk factors for hospital mortality in a community hospital are similar to those identified from university-affiliated hospitals. These risk factors can potentially be employed to develop local strategies for the prevention of VAP. Clinical implications: ICU clinicians should be aware of the risk factors associated with the development of VAP and the impact of VAP on clinical outcomes. More importantly, they should cooperate in the development of local multidisciplinary strategies aimed at the prevention of VAP and other nosocomial infections.
PMID: 11502658, UI: 21393823
Chest 2001 Aug;120(2):543-7
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To review the etiology and pathophysiology of pneumomediastinum in severe blunt trauma, with a special interest in one of its possible origins, the Macklin effect. The Macklin effect relates to a three-step pathophysiologic process: blunt traumatic alveolar ruptures, air dissection along bronchovascular sheaths, and spreading of this blunt pulmonary interstitial emphysema into the mediastinum. The clinical relevance of the Macklin effect was also evaluated. SETTING: A university hospital serving as a reference trauma center. PATIENTS: A selection of 51 patients with severe blunt trauma between 1995 and 2000. Inclusion criteria: Severe trauma or high-speed deceleration justifying chest CT; if chest CT demonstrated a pneumomediastinum, bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy were performed to rule out tracheobronchial or esophageal injury. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients' clinical files, chest CT, and bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy reports. The Macklin effect was diagnosed when an air collection adjacent to a bronchus and a pulmonary vessel could be clearly identified on the chest CT. Clinical relevance of the Macklin effect was statistically evaluated regarding its repercussions on the pulmonary gas exchange function, the respective durations of intensive care and total hospital stay, and the associated injuries. RESULTS: Twenty (39%) Macklin effects and 5 tracheobronchial injuries (10%) were identified. One tracheobronchial injury occurred simultaneously with the Macklin effect. The presence of the Macklin effect affected neither the clinical profile nor the result of pulmonary gas analysis on hospital admission, but was associated with a significant (p < 0.001) lengthening of the intensive care stay. CONCLUSIONS: The Macklin effect is present in 39% of severe blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum detected by CT. Its identification does not rule out a tracheobronchial injury. The Macklin effect reflects severe trauma, since it is associated with significantly prolonged intensive care stay.
PMID: 11502656, UI: 21393821
Chest 2001 Aug;120(2):327-8
Publication Types:
PMID: 11502620, UI: 21393785
Clin Chest Med 2001 Mar;22(1):123-34, ix
Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Awhite1@Lifespan.org
Hypoxemia is a prevalent problem in the chronically critically ill patient. This article reviews the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypoxemia in this patient population, discusses how oxygenation is evaluated, and reviews methods for delivery of oxygen. Other topics directly related to oxygen use, such as oxygen toxicity, heliox use, and portable oxygen devices, are included.
PMID: 11315450, UI: 21213276
Crit Care Med 2001 Sep;29(9 Suppl):S193-S198
Departments of Internal Medicine and Intensive Care (Drs. van Iperen, Gaillard, and van de Wiel), Amersfoort, The Netherlands, and the Department of Internal Medicine (Drs. van Iperen and Braam and Prof. Dr. Marx), University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
[Record supplied by publisher]
OBJECTIVES: Critically ill patients often are anemic, which may impair oxygen delivery. Transfusion of red cells and supplementation with vitamins or iron are the usual therapeutic strategies, whereas only sporadic data are available on the use of epoetin alfa in these patients. We investigated endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production and the response to epoetin alfa in anemic intensive care unit (ICU) patients. DESIGN: Randomized, open trial. SETTING: Multidisciplinary ICU in a single secondary care center. PATIENTS: Thirty-six critically ill patients admitted to the ICU who became anemic (hemoglobin concentration, <11.2 g/dL or <12.1 g/dL in case of cardiac disease) were randomized to one of three study groups. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received folic acid (1 mg) daily. The control group received no additional therapy, the iron group received 20 mg of iron saccharate intravenously (iv) daily for 14 days. The EPO group received iv iron and epoetin alfa (300 IU/kg) subcutaneously on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood and reticulocyte counts were measured daily for 22 days. Serum EPO, C-reactive protein, serum transferrin receptor, and iron variables were measured on days 0, 2, 6, 10, and 21. Blood loss and red cell transfusions were recorded. Serum EPO concentrations were inappropriately low for the degree of anemia at baseline, with no difference between patients with and without renal failure. Exogenous administration of EPO increased EPO concentrations from 23 +/- 13 to a maximum of 166 +/- 98 units/L on day 10 (p <.05). Reticulocyte count increased exclusively in the EPO group from 56 +/- 33 x 109/L to a maximum of 189 +/- 97 on day 13 (p <.05). Serum transferrin receptor rose only in the EPO group from 3.7 +/- 1.4 to 8.6 +/- 3.1 mg/L on day 10 (p <.05) and remained elevated on day 21, indicating an increase in erythropoiesis. Hemoglobin concentration and platelet count remained identical in the three study groups. CONCLUSION: Endogenous EPO concentrations are low in critically ill patients. The bone marrow of these patients is able to respond to exogenous epoetin alfa, as shown by elevated concentrations of reticulocytes and serum transferrin receptors. (Crit Care Med 2000; 28:2773-2778)
PMID: 11547021
Crit Care Med 2001 Sep;29(9 Suppl):S141-50
Departments of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care (Drs. von Ahsen, Frei, and Eckardt), Clinical Chemistry (Dr. Muller), and Hematology and Oncology (Dr. Serke), Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence, severity, characteristics, and causes of anemia and transfusion requirements in medical intensive care patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Open prospective clinical study in a 24-bed medical intensive care unit in a tertiary-care university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients (N = 96) treated in the intensive care unit for >3 days. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: Parameters of erythropoiesis and red blood cell metabolism, including hemoglobin, reticulocyte counts, serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, haptoglobin, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin concentrations were determined serially. Diagnostic blood loss and red blood cell transfusions were recorded, and the total blood loss was estimated from changes in hemoglobin concentrations and the amount of hemoglobin transfused. MAIN RESULTS: The median hemoglobin concentration was 12.1 g/dL at admission and 11.2 g/dL at the end of the intensive care unit stay. A total of 74 patients (77%) suffered from anemia and received 257 red blood cell units, approximately half of which were given within the first 5 days. Three patients who received 19 red blood cell units were admitted with acute gastrointestinal bleeding, but in the remainder, a median total blood loss of 128 mL/d was not (n = 60) or not solely (n = 11) a result of overt bleeding. Diagnostic blood loss declined from a median of 41 mL on day 1 to <20 mL after 3 wks and contributed 17% (median) to total blood loss. Acute renal failure, fatal outcome, and simplified acute physiology score >38 on admission were associated with a 5.8-, 7.0-, and 2.8-fold increase in total blood loss. Reticulocyte counts and erythropoietin concentrations were inappropriately low for the degree of anemia, and plasma transferrin saturation was mostly <20%. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is frequent and results in a high requirement for red blood cell transfusions in the medical intensive care setting. A major proportion of blood loss is not caused by overt bleeding or diagnostic blood sampling but, rather, may result from various other reasons, e.g., occult gastrointestinal bleeding and renal replacement therapy. The erythropoietic response to anemia is blunted, probably as a consequence of an inappropriate increase in erythropoietin production and diminished iron availability. (Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2630-2639)
PMID: 11547014, UI: 21430832
Crit Care Med 2001 Sep;29(9):1792-7
Neurology/Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery (MND, DFE, VA) and the Program in Occupational Therapy (MND, DFE, HH), Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the decision to withdraw mechanical ventilation from patients in a neurology/neurosurgery intensive care unit. Specifically, the following factors were considered: the severity of the neurologic illness, the healthcare delivery system, and social factors. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical database. SETTING: Neurology/neurosurgery intensive care unit of a large academic tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients were 2,109 nonelective admissions to the neurology/neurosurgery intensive care unit who received mechanical ventilation over a period of 82 months. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The average age was 56 +/- 19.7 yrs, 53% were male, and 81% were functionally normal before admission. The median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14, the average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II severity of illness score was 13.5 +/- 8.3, and probability of death was 18.2 +/- 22.0%. Mechanical ventilation was withdrawn from 284 (13.5%). Factors that were independently associated with withdrawal of mechanical ventilation were as follows: more severe neurologic injury [admission Glasgow Coma Scale score (odds ratio 0.86/point, confidence interval 0.82-0.90), diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (odds ratio 2.44, confidence interval 1.50-3.99), or ischemic stroke (odds ratio 1.72, confidence interval 1.13-2.60)], older age (odds ratio 1.04/yr, confidence interval 1.03-1.05), and higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II probability of death (odds ratio 1.03/%, confidence interval 1.02-1.04). Mechanical ventilation was less likely to be withdrawn if patients were African-American (odds ratio 0.50, confidence interval 0.36-0.68) or had undergone surgery (odds ratio 0.44, confidence interval 0.2- 0.67). Marital status, premorbid functional status, clinical service (neurology vs. neurosurgery), attending status (private vs. academic), and type of health insurance were not associated with decisions to withdraw mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that decisions to withdraw mechanical ventilation in the neurology/neurosurgery intensive care unit are based primarily on the severity of the acute neurologic condition and age but not on characteristics of the healthcare delivery system. Care is less likely to be withdrawn from African-American patients or those who had surgery.
PMID: 11546988, UI: 21430806
Crit Care Med 2001 Sep;29(9):1701-9
Spanish Project for the Epidemiological Analysis of Critical Care Patients (PAEEC) (RR-F, RA-C, GV-M) and the Escuela Andaluza de Salud Publica (JJS-C), Granada, Spain.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the quality of life of critically ill patients before their intensive care admission and its relation to age, variables measured in the intensive care unit (ICU; severity of illness, therapeutic effort, resource utilization, and length of stay), and in-hospital mortality rate. DESIGN: Observational prospective multicenter study. SETTING: Eighty-six medical-surgical ICUs in Spain, including coronary patients. PATIENTS: We studied 8,685 patients between 1992 and 1993. Patients <16 yrs old and those dying within the first 6 hrs were excluded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data collection included age, gender, admission diagnosis, severity level by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III, quality of life survey score, therapeutic activity level by Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS), and ICU and hospital mortality rate. Pre-ICU quality-of-life score was 3.74 +/- 4.42 points; 33.24% of patients had a normal quality of life (0 points), and numbers of patients declined logarithmically in relationship to increasing quality-of-life scores, with only 189 patients having a score >15 points. Pre-ICU quality-of-life score correlated with age (r =.289, p <.001), with severity level by APACHE III score (r =.217, p <.001), and weakly with TISS (r =.067, p <.001). There was no correlation between quality of life and length of ICU stay. Patients dying in hospital after ICU discharge (n = 429) had worse quality of life (5.88 +/- 5.38 points) than those dying in the ICU (n = 1,453, 4.8 +/- 4.94), who themselves had a worse quality of life than hospital survivors (n = 6,803, 5.05 +/- 5.07; p <.0001 by analysis of variance), with significant differences between all three groups. In the multivariate analysis, pre-ICU quality-of-life was related to age, APACHE III score, and hospital mortality rate but not to TISS or ICU length of stay. Pre-ICU quality of life was introduced as a variable in the APACHE III prediction model and entered the model after acute physiology score, diagnosis, and age and before prior patient location and comorbidities. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.834 when quality-of-life was included and 0.83 when not. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, the quality of life of critically ill patients before their ICU admission is good, and only a small proportion of patients have a low quality of life before admission. Previous quality of life is related to hospital mortality rate but contributes very little to the discriminatory ability of the APACHE III prediction model and has little influence on ICU resource utilization as measured by length of stay and therapeutic activity.
PMID: 11546968, UI: 21430786
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1652-4
PMID: 11505160, UI: 21396022
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1653-4
PMID: 11505159, UI: 21396021
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1640-1
PMID: 11505149, UI: 21396011
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1633-4
PMID: 11505145, UI: 21396007
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1630-2
Rutland Regional Medical Center, Rutland, VT, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To assess credentialing practices for critical care admissions and procedures in smaller hospitals within the United States. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to credentialing coordinators of 500 randomly selected American Hospital Association hospitals with fewer than 300 beds. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Most hospitals validate qualifications for intensive care unit (ICU) admitting and procedural privileges through recommendations only. Fewer (16%) require a specified prior number of procedures to have been performed, and 9% require prospective supervision before privileges are granted. Critical care subspecialists are present in 57% of these hospitals and tend to be in the larger facilities with more critical care beds. Criteria for ICU admission and procedure privileges appear to be inclusive, because family medicine, obstetrics-gynecology, orthopedic surgery, and neurology specialists are often credentialed. The presence of a critical care subspecialist is associated with fewer hospitals credentialing family medicine specialists for ICU admission and procedures but not obstetrician-gynecologists, orthopedic surgeons, or neurologists. CONCLUSIONS: This is a brief descriptive report of hospital policies that define which physicians are permitted to care for critically ill/injured patients in small U.S. hospitals. The presence of a critical care specialist appears to influence only slightly the ICU credentialing processes for other selected specialists.
PMID: 11505144, UI: 21396006
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1626-9
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Research and Care Children Hospital, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, 34 137 Trieste, Italy. sarti@burlo.trieste.it
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is an increase of urinary albumin during and after surgical trauma and investigate a possible relationship between microalbuminuria and the severity of surgical stress. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Forty consecutive children scheduled for elective surgery. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Microalbuminuria/urinary creatinine ratio (MACR) was measured before, during, and after elective moderate or major surgical procedures. The Oxford Surgical Stress Score (SSS) was determined for each patient at the end of the operation, and its relationship with maximum deviation of MACR from baseline values was investigated. MACR showed a progressive increase during surgery and a decrease afterward, reaching preoperative values in most cases within 24 hrs after the end of surgery. There was a significant correlation between the increase in MACR and severity of the surgical trauma as measured by SSS. Two patients showed a rise in MACR after the initial postoperative normalization before clinical appearance of a surgical complication and one patient showed a persistent rise in MACR before clinical appearance of a septic complication. None of the other patients showed any rise in MACR after postoperative normalization, and they all had an uneventful recovery. CONCLUSIONS: MACR rises during and after major or moderate elective surgery in children. There is a significant positive correlation between severity of surgical trauma and capillary permeability in pediatric patients. Microalbuminuria, as an index of capillary permeability, may be an early sign of incipient complications and assist in the identification of those patients whose condition will deteriorate. The test is a cheap, blood-sparing, easy-to-perform bedside procedure that may have a useful role in clinical practice for evaluating the effect of surgical trauma on capillary permeability in children.
PMID: 11505143, UI: 21396005
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1563-8
Rogosin Institute, 505 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA. gordobr@mail.rockefeller.edu
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and clinical outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. DESIGN: Consecutive, prospective case series. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit of an urban university hospital. PATIENTS: Subjects were 111 patients with a variety of critical illnesses, for whom serum lipid, lipoprotein, and cytokine concentrations were determined within 24 hrs of admission to a surgical intensive care unit. Controls were 32 healthy men and women for whom serum lipid, lipoprotein, and cytokine concentrations were determined. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples were drawn on admission to the intensive care unit. Predetermined clinical outcomes including death, infection subsequent to intensive care unit admission, length of intensive care unit stay, and magnitude of organ dysfunction were monitored prospectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Measurements included total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, phospholipid, triglyceride, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75. Mean serum lipid concentrations were extremely low: total cholesterol, 127 +/- 52 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 75 +/- 41 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 29 +/- 15 mg/dL. Total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and apolipoprotein concentrations inversely correlated with interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and interleukin-10 concentrations, whereas the triglyceride concentration correlated positively with tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors p55 and p75. Clinical outcomes were related to whether the admission cholesterol concentration was above (n = 56) or below (n = 55) the median concentration of 120 mg/dL. Each of the clinical end points occurred between 1.9- and 3.5-fold more frequently in the very low cholesterol (<120 mg/dL) group. Nine patients (8%) died during the hospitalization. Seven of the nine patients who died had total cholesterol concentrations below the median concentration of 120 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Low cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations found in critically ill surgical patients correlate with interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and interleukin-10 concentrations and predict clinical outcomes.
PMID: 11505128, UI: 21395991
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8):1539-43
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3585 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
OBJECTIVE: To determine quality of life after severe bacterial peritonitis and infected necrotizing pancreatitis treated with open management of the abdomen and planned re-operations. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: University hospital intensive care unit, general wards, and outpatient department. PATIENTS: Forty-one patients who survived severe bacterial peritonitis and infected necrotizing pancreatitis treated with open management of the abdomen and planned re-operations. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Over a period of 7 yrs, 95 patients underwent open management of the abdomen and planned re-operations for severe bacterial peritonitis and infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Thirty-nine patients died during the initial intensive care unit stay and 12 as a result of nonperitonitis-related systemic diseases after discharge. Four patients were lost or excluded from final analysis. Long-term morbidity and quality of life using Karnofsky and Rankin scores at discharge and at follow-up at least 1 yr after discharge (mean: 4 yrs) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) were determined. The remaining 41 patients reviewed showed significant long-term morbidity, including dysfunction of the abdominal wall resulting from herniation, persistent polyneuropathy, and mental disorders needing psychiatric support. Patients having persistent polyneuropathy and, to a lesser extent, mental disorders, showed significantly lower Karnofsky, higher Rankin, and higher SIP scores. After discharge, performance status of patients improved significantly, as shown by higher Karnofsky and lower Rankin scores, and, because Karnofsky and Rankin scores are closely related to SIP scores, higher SIP scores. Especially in measuring quality of life in terms of social and role management, assessment of the SIP proved to have additional value. CONCLUSIONS: About three-quarters of patients who survive open management of the abdomen and planned re-operations for severe bacterial peritonitis and infected necrotizing pancreatitis regain a good quality of life. Some patients, especially those who suffer from persistent polyneuropathy and mental disorders, show restrictions in daily life.
PMID: 11505122, UI: 21395985
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8 Suppl):N196-201
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To provide an introduction to Internet-based Online Personal Medical Records (OPMRs), to assess their use and limitations in acute/critical care situations, and to identify potential improvements that could increase their usefulness. DESIGN: A review of publicly available Internet-based OPMRs conducted in April 2001. DATA SOURCES: Twenty-nine OPMR sites were identified in March 2000 using ten Internet search engines with the search term "Personal Medical Records." Through 2000 and 2001, an additional 37 sites were identified using lists obtained from trade journals and through the author's participation in standards-setting meetings. MEASUREMENTS: Each publicly available site was reviewed to assess suitability for acute/critical care situations using four measures developed by the author and for general use using eight measures developed in a standards-setting process described in the article. RESULTS: Of the 66 companies identified, only 16 still offer OPMRs that are available to the public on the Internet. None of these met all of the evaluation measures. Only 19% had rapid emergency access capabilities and only 63% provided medical summaries of the record. Security and confidentiality issues were well addressed in 94% of sites. Data portability was virtually nonexistent because all OPMRs lacked the ability to exchange data electronically with other OPMRs, and only two OPMRs permitted data transfer from physician electronic medical records. Controls over data accuracy were poor: 81% of sites allowed entry of dates for medical treatment before the patient's date of birth, and one site actually gave incorrect medical advice. OPMRs were periodically inaccessible because of programming deficiencies. Finally, approximately 40 sites ceased providing OPMRs in the past year, with the probable loss of patient information. CONCLUSIONS: Most OPMRs are not ready for use in acute/critical care situations. Many are just electronic versions of the paper-based health record notebooks that patients have used for years. They have, however, great promise and, with further development, could form the basis of a new medical record system that could contribute to improving the quality of medical care.
PMID: 11496043, UI: 21387190
Crit Care Med 2001 Aug;29(8 Suppl):N177-82
Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA. tegtmeye@ohsu.edu
Computers are commonly used to serve many functions in today's modern intensive care unit. One of the most intriguing and perhaps most challenging applications of computers has been to attempt to improve medical education. With the introduction of the first computer, medical educators began looking for ways to incorporate their use into the modern curriculum. Prior limitations of cost and complexity of computers have consistently decreased since their introduction, making it increasingly feasible to incorporate computers into medical education. Simultaneously, the capabilities and capacities of computers have increased. Combining the computer with other modern digital technology has allowed the development of more intricate and realistic educational tools. The purpose of this article is to briefly describe the history and use of computers in medical education with special reference to critical care medicine. In addition, we will examine the role of computers in teaching and learning and discuss the types of interaction between the computer user and the computer.
PMID: 11496040, UI: 21387187
J Paediatr Child Health 2001 Aug;37(4):415-6
PMID: 11547777, UI: 21428897
J Trauma 2001 Sep;51(3):478-80
Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.
BACKGROUND: Institutional protocol designates the adult trauma service as the primary manager of all adolescent traumas (age 14-18 years) unless admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) occurs. In the PICU, primary care becomes the responsibility of the pediatric intensivist, with trauma service as a consultant. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the management of adolescent trauma between the pediatric intensivist in the PICU, and the adult trauma team in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). METHODS: From January 1993 to January 1998, the medical records of all adolescent trauma patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) management were reviewed. Depending on bed availability, patients younger than 16 were admitted to the PICU, and those 16 or older to the SICU. Demographic data obtained were age, sex, race, mechanism of injury, length of stay (LOS), ICU length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation, intubation, tracheotomy, intracranial pressure monitor, and Swan-Ganz catheter placement. Home discharge, rehabilitation placement, and death were recorded. Morbidity was measured using Injury Severity Score methodology, Pediatric Trauma Score, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality. RESULTS: One hundred nine completed records were reviewed (SICU, n = 58; PICU, n = 51). There was no statistical difference in sex, race, mechanism of injury, ICU LOS, tracheotomy, and intracranial pressure monitor placements. There was no difference in morbidity, as measured by Injury Severity Score, Pediatric Trauma Score, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality score or in outcome measurements (death, rehabilitation placement). SICU patients were older (SICU, 16.9 +/- 1.0 years; PICU, 15.4 +/- 1.0 years; p </= 0.1 Mann-Whitney U test), more likely to be intubated (SICU, n = 42; PICU, n = 24; p </= 0.05 Fisher's exact test), more likely to have pulmonary artery catheter placement (SICU, n = 7; PICU, n = 0), and had longer LOS (SICU, 12.2 +/- 10.6; PICU, 9.8 +/- 14.1; p </= 0.03 Mann-Whitney U test). CONCLUSION: Adolescent trauma patients admitted to the PICU were less likely to be intubated or have a Swan-Ganz catheter placed. They had decreased LOS and days of mechanical ventilation. There was no difference in outcome measurements.
PMID: 11535894, UI: 21427346
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